Correlation of hyponatremia with hepatic encephalopathy and severity of liver disease

To assess the frequency of low serum sodium levels and to correlate it with the severity of liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy [HE] in patients coming to the tertiary care hospital. Observational study. Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2011 to January 2012. A total of 202 patients with hepatic encephalopathy and chronic liver disease had serum sodium measured. The HE was graded according to the West Haven classification [4 grades]. Relationship of hyponatremia was correlated with severity grade of encephalopathy using Spearman rank correlation test. Out of 202 patients, 62 [30.7%] patients had serum sodium less than 130 meq/l. Out of 202, HE was present in 69 [34.15%] patients and out of these, 38 had grade III-IV HE and 31 had grade I - II HE. Out of 69 patients with HE 57 had sodium less than 135 [p < 0.001]. Hyponatremia was a common feature in patients with cirrhosis and its severity increased with the severity of liver disease. The existence of serum sodium concentration < 135 mmol/L was associated with greater frequency of hepatic encephalopathy compared with patients with serum sodium concentration > 135 mmol/L

Hepatocellular carcinoma after sustained viral response of interferon and ribavirin therapy in cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis C

To determine the frequency of development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver diseases secondary to hepatitis C who had achieved sustained virological response with Interferon and Ribavirin therapy. Retrospective descriptive study. Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2007 to January 2012. Hepatitis C related chronic liver disease patients who were treated with interferon and ribavirin, after they achieved sustained virological response, they were followed for a mean of 42 +/- 17 months. During this time, development of hepatocellular carcinoma was ascertained. All underwent surveillance with alpha-feto-protein and ultrasonography every 6 months. Out of the 58 patients who had achieved sustained virological response, 3 developed hepatocellular carcinoma after a mean follow-up of 38 +/- 14 months. It was multifocal in 2 cases and was single lesion in the 3rd. Two patients ultimately died, one with upper GI bleeding and the other with hepatic encephalopathy, while 3rd patient with single lesion is still surviving. Three out of 58 patients of hepatitis C related chronic liver disease developed hepatocellular carcinoma during follow-up in patients who had achieved sustained virological response. These patients need closer follow-up, for development of complications, even if they have achieved sustained viral response

Factors affecting patient satisfaction during endoscopic procedures

To assess the quality and patient satisfaction in Endoscopy Unit of Shifa International Hospital. Cross-sectional survey. Division of Gastroenterology, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from July 2011 to January 2012. Quality and patient satisfaction after the endoscopic procedure was assessed using a modified GHAA-9 questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. A total of 1028 patients were included with a mean age of 45 +/- 14.21 years. Out of all the procedures, 670 [65.17%] were gastroscopies, 181 [17.60%] were flexible sigmoidoscopies and 177 [17.21%] were colonoscopies. The maximum unsatisfactory responses were on the waiting time before the procedure [13.13%], followed by unsatisfactory explanation of the procedure and answers to questions [7.58%]. Overall, unsatisfied impression was 4.86%. The problem rate was 6.22%.The quality of procedures and level of satisfaction of patients undergoing a gastroscopy or colonoscopy was generally good. The factors that influence the satisfaction of these patients are related to communication between doctor and patient, doctor's manner and waiting time for the procedure. Feedback information in an endoscopy unit may be useful in improving standards, including the performance of endoscopists.

Treatment of decompensated cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis c with antiviral therapy

To treat decompensated hepatitis C patient with interferon, ribavirin and amantidine to ascertain the sustained viral response. Descriptive study. Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2007 to January 2012. HCV PCR patients with decompensated hepatitis C, who had developed a complication like ascites, encephalopathy or variceal bleeding were included in the study. Those with uncontrolled ascites or other complications were excluded. Treatment with standard interferon 3 miU subcutaneously three times a week along with ribavirin 800 mg to 1200 mg and amantidine 100 mg b.i.d. was administered for 12 months. Patients were followed every month with CBC and ALT and HCV PCR was performed after 3 months to document early viral response. They had HCV PCR at the end of the treatment to document end of treatment response. All were further followed for another 6 months at monthly intervals and HCV PCR was performed at the end of this period to document sustained viral response. In all, 165 patients were treated. Treatment had to be discontinued in 42 [26%] patients. Out of these, 16 patients died. Thus, 123 completed treatment. Sustained viral response was documented in 58 out of the 123 [47%] patients. Hepatic encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis and development of ascites were the major complications during treatment. Forty seven percent of patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis were able to achieve sustained viral response after one year treatment with anti-viral therapy. However, complications developed during treatment and, therefore, frequent and close monitoring is necessary in these patients.

Acute liver failure: an update

Acute liver failure is a serious medical emergency resulting from various insults that liver sustains. In our setting, viral etiology is the commonest cause. The syndrome results in significant liver damage leading to hepatic encephalopathy, coagulopathy and several other serious clinical consequences. Sepsis, cardio vascular failure and renal failure can result in multi system organ failure and fatal consequences. Management requires identification of etiologic agent as soon as possible. Nursing care in intensive care unit [ICU] setting is recommended. Attention towards correction of electrolyte imbalance, coagulopathy, encephalopathy and systemic complication along with judicious use of antibiotics help in obtaining a favorable outcome. Transplant remains the ultimate management